Description
[Gasdermin-D]: Precursor of a pore-forming protein that plays a key role in host defense against pathogen infection and danger signals (PubMed: 26375003, PubMed: 26375259, PubMed: 27281216). This form constitutes the precursor of the pore-forming protein: upon cleavage, the released N-terminal moiety (Gasdermin-D, N-terminal) binds to membranes and forms pores, triggering pyroptosis (PubMed: 26375003, PubMed: 26375259, PubMed: 27281216). [Gasdermin-D, N-terminal]: Promotes pyroptosis in response to microbial infection and danger signals (PubMed: 26375003, PubMed: 26375259, PubMed: 27418190, PubMed: 28392147, PubMed: 32820063). Produced by the cleavage of gasdermin-D by inflammatory caspases CASP1, CASP4 or CASP5 in response to canonical, as well as non-canonical (such as cytosolic LPS) inflammasome activators (PubMed: 26375003, PubMed: 26375259, PubMed: 27418190). After cleavage, moves to the plasma membrane where it strongly binds to inner leaflet lipids, including monophosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, such as phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, bisphosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, such as phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate, as well as phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-bisphosphate, and more weakly to phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine (PubMed: 27281216, PubMed: 29898893). Homooligomerizes within the membrane and forms pores of 10-15 nanometers (nm) of inner diameter, allowing the release of mature IL1B and triggering pyroptosis (PubMed: 27418190, PubMed: 27281216, PubMed: 29898893). Exhibits bactericidal activity (PubMed: 27281216). Gasdermin-D, N-terminal released from pyroptotic cells into the extracellular milieu rapidly binds to and kills both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, without harming neighboring mammalian cells, as it does not disrupt the plasma membrane from the outside due to lipid-binding specificity (PubMed: 27281216). Under cell culture conditions, also active against intracellular bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes (By similarity). Also active in response to MAP3K7/TAK1 inactivation by Yersinia toxin YopJ, which triggers cleavage by CASP8 and subsequent activation (By similarity). Strongly binds to bacterial and mitochondrial lipids, including cardiolipin (PubMed: 27281216). Does not bind to unphosphorylated phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine nor phosphatidylcholine (PubMed: 27281216)